Europe

Arab and Islamic rule spread all the way to modern day Spain, and the Iberian peninsula in between Spain and Portugal is the most studied area in eurpean history, but years after the conquest in Spain it displayed a very negative approach on ruling this specific region. Arabs continued their expansion after 630 C.E in present day Morrocco, and was eventually coincided with a period of political weakness in the three centuries old kingdom established in the Iberian peninsula by the Germanic Visigoths. The Germanoc Visigoths took over the region after The Romans ruled it for seven centuries. An Arab army called Berbers invaded in 710, and 720 their conquest was almost complete. The Arabs even attempted to conquer parts of France until the king of the Franks or French, Charles Martel, and his christian army pushed the Arab army down southwards towards the mountains. But when excluding these events Muslims spread their culture and religion conquests mostly in Spain then any other european region. But there was one major dynasty developement that occurred when a Ummayad prince who escaped from his family slaughter in Damascus, and went to Cordoba Spain, and created a new Islamic state in the area. This movement was the major start of Muslim Spain societies. The Islamic state centered in Cordoba ended up splitting up into many different kingdoms. As the Muslim states weakened the christians became stronger, and grew larger. The last Muslim Kingdom in Spain was Granada which was conquered by the Christians in 1492. Jews were expelled and Muslims were ordered to leave unless they converted to christianity so some ended up hiding their traditions, and practices, and pretended to convert to christianity.
 * **How did Islam spread, and its reactions?**



The growth of trade basically took place during the third crusade which was considered an attempt by European leaders to reconquer the Holy Land from Saladin. It was largely successful, yet fell short of its ultimate goal the reconquest of Jerusalem. Many religions such as Christianity, Judaism, and Muslims came together to trade goods. Muslim merchants and traders introduced local people to the ideas and rituals of the new faith. Muslim sities grew rapidly, and unregulated which basically rersulted in a wide varieties of languages, and religions. Muslims also had an advanced water system which icluded seweres, public baths, and drinking fountains. Life expectancy was also another important aspect of urbanization because muslim scholars lived above 35 years which was the expectancy during the ancient roman times, and lived up to 70 years. Archistecture was a very important part of Muslim society because it showed impressive archectural mosques, and it identified Mosques were known for their brilliant arches, and finally reache dits peak when muclims built the Alhambra, the palce of Granada
 * **Growth of Trade within the Islamic world**
 * **Urbanization and Islam**
 * **Architecture throughout the Islamic world**
 * 1) Great Mosque at Cordoba- marked the beginning of islamic architecture in Spain, and Northern Africa in 785

This picture is significant because at this time Cordoba was the most properious, and largest cities in Spain.

Scholars believe Islam was made up from different religion put together, but Muslims themselves did not, and completely disagreed. An example opf sycretism is the Shie belief in the twelve Lmams, incorporated similar beliefs from the christians from the twelve apostles. A Syncretic religion like the Barghawata was inspired by Islam with elements such as the Sunni, Shi'ite, and Kharijite. Muslims did not want to be christians but eventually were forced to otherwise they had to leave christian conquered stats, for example in Spain.
 * **Examples of Syncretism and Islam**